Set up High-Availability Kubernetes Masters

You can replicate Kubernetes masters in kube-up or kube-down scripts for Google Compute Engine. This document describes how to use kube-up/down scripts to manage highly available (HA) masters and how HA masters are implemented for use with GCE.

Before you begin

You need to have a Kubernetes cluster, and the kubectl command-line tool must be configured to communicate with your cluster. If you do not already have a cluster, you can create one by using minikube or you can use one of these Kubernetes playgrounds:

• Katacoda
• Play with Kubernetes

Starting an HA-compatible cluster

To create a new HA-compatible cluster, you must set the following flags in your kube-up script:

• MULTIZONE=true - to prevent removal of master replicas kubelets from zones different than server's default zone. Required if you want to run master replicas in different zones, which is recommended.

• ENABLE_ETCD_QUORUM_READ=true - to ensure that reads from all API servers will return most up-to-date data. If true, reads will be directed to leader etcd replica. Setting this value to true is optional: reads will be more reliable but will also be slower.

Optionally, you can specify a GCE zone where the first master replica is to be created. Set the following flag:

• KUBE_GCE_ZONE=zone - zone where the first master replica will run.

The following sample command sets up a HA-compatible cluster in the GCE zone europe-west1-b:

MULTIZONE=true KUBE_GCE_ZONE=europe-west1-b  ENABLE_ETCD_QUORUM_READS=true ./cluster/kube-up.sh

Note that the commands above create a cluster with one master; however, you can add new master replicas to the cluster with subsequent commands.

Adding a new master replica

After you have created an HA-compatible cluster, you can add master replicas to it. You add master replicas by using a kube-up script with the following flags:

• KUBE_REPLICATE_EXISTING_MASTER=true - to create a replica of an existing master.

• KUBE_GCE_ZONE=zone - zone where the master replica will run. Must be in the same region as other replicas' zones.

You don't need to set the MULTIZONE or ENABLE_ETCD_QUORUM_READS flags, as those are inherited from when you started your HA-compatible cluster.

The following sample command replicates the master on an existing HA-compatible cluster:

KUBE_GCE_ZONE=europe-west1-c KUBE_REPLICATE_EXISTING_MASTER=true ./cluster/kube-up.sh

Removing a master replica

You can remove a master replica from an HA cluster by using a kube-down script with the following flags:

• KUBE_DELETE_NODES=false - to restrain deletion of kubelets.

• KUBE_GCE_ZONE=zone - the zone from where master replica will be removed.

• KUBE_REPLICA_NAME=replica_name - (optional) the name of master replica to remove. If empty: any replica from the given zone will be removed.

The following sample command removes a master replica from an existing HA cluster:

KUBE_DELETE_NODES=false KUBE_GCE_ZONE=europe-west1-c ./cluster/kube-down.sh

Handling master replica failures

If one of the master replicas in your HA cluster fails, the best practice is to remove the replica from your cluster and add a new replica in the same zone. The following sample commands demonstrate this process:

1. Remove the broken replica:

KUBE_DELETE_NODES=false KUBE_GCE_ZONE=replica_zone KUBE_REPLICA_NAME=replica_name ./cluster/kube-down.sh

2. Add a new replica in place of the old one:

KUBE_GCE_ZONE=replica-zone KUBE_REPLICATE_EXISTING_MASTER=true ./cluster/kube-up.sh

Best practices for replicating masters for HA clusters

• Try to place master replicas in different zones. During a zone failure, all masters placed inside the zone will fail. To survive zone failure, also place nodes in multiple zones (see multiple-zones for details).

• Do not use a cluster with two master replicas. Consensus on a two-replica cluster requires both replicas running when changing persistent state. As a result, both replicas are needed and a failure of any replica turns cluster into majority failure state. A two-replica cluster is thus inferior, in terms of HA, to a single replica cluster.

• When you add a master replica, cluster state (etcd) is copied to a new instance. If the cluster is large, it may take a long time to duplicate its state. This operation may be sped up by migrating etcd data directory, as described here (we are considering adding support for etcd data dir migration in future).

Implementation notes

Overview

Each of master replicas will run the following components in the following mode:

• etcd instance: all instances will be clustered together using consensus;

• API server: each server will talk to local etcd - all API servers in the cluster will be available;

• controllers, scheduler, and cluster auto-scaler: will use lease mechanism - only one instance of each of them will be active in the cluster;

• add-on manager: each manager will work independently trying to keep add-ons in sync.

In addition, there will be a load balancer in front of API servers that will route external and internal traffic to them.

Load balancing

When starting the second master replica, a load balancer containing the two replicas will be created and the IP address of the first replica will be promoted to IP address of load balancer. Similarly, after removal of the penultimate master replica, the load balancer will be removed and its IP address will be assigned to the last remaining replica. Please note that creation and removal of load balancer are complex operations and it may take some time (~20 minutes) for them to propagate.

Master service & kubelets

Instead of trying to keep an up-to-date list of Kubernetes apiserver in the Kubernetes service, the system directs all traffic to the external IP:

• in one master cluster the IP points to the single master,

• in multi-master cluster the IP points to the load balancer in-front of the masters.

Similarly, the external IP will be used by kubelets to communicate with master.

Master certificates

Kubernetes generates Master TLS certificates for the external public IP and local IP for each replica. There are no certificates for the ephemeral public IP for replicas; to access a replica via its ephemeral public IP, you must skip TLS verification.

Clustering etcd

To allow etcd clustering, ports needed to communicate between etcd instances will be opened (for inside cluster communication). To make such deployment secure, communication between etcd instances is authorized using SSL.

API server identity

The API Server Identity feature is controlled by a feature gate and is not enabled by default. You can activate API Server Identity by enabling the feature gate named APIServerIdentity when you start the API Server:

kube-apiserver \
--feature-gates=APIServerIdentity=true \
 # …and other flags as usual

During bootstrap, each kube-apiserver assigns a unique ID to itself. The ID is in the format of kube-apiserver-{UUID}. Each kube-apiserver creates a Lease in the kube-system namespaces. The Lease name is the unique ID for the kube-apiserver. The Lease contains a label k8s.io/component=kube-apiserver. Each kube-apiserver refreshes its Lease every IdentityLeaseRenewIntervalSeconds (defaults to 10s). Each kube-apiserver also checks all the kube-apiserver identity Leases every IdentityLeaseDurationSeconds (defaults to 3600s), and deletes Leases that hasn't got refreshed for more than IdentityLeaseDurationSeconds. IdentityLeaseRenewIntervalSeconds and IdentityLeaseDurationSeconds can be configured by kube-apiserver flags identity-lease-renew-interval-seconds and identity-lease-duration-seconds.

Enabling this feature is a prerequisite for using features that involve HA API server coordination (for example, the StorageVersionAPI feature gate).

Additional reading

Automated HA master deployment - design doc